John B. Watson

Explain (in detail) how Watson's "Little Albert" study was conducted.

Watson put in his experiment a baby called Little Albert. He showed a white rat to Little Albert and afterward slammed two metal pipes together behind Little Albert’s head. This occasioned to Little Albert cry because the metal pipes made a loud noise. Watson continued smashing the metal pipes, Little Albert cried when the white rat was around him. So the fear generalized because Little Albert became afraid of people or animals with white beards and hair.




Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Watson's study.

The conditioned stimulus was the white rat, unconditioned Stimulus was the loud noise, the conditioned response was the fear little Albert had.




Explain at least two limitations of this study.

• This was unethical
• He only used a baby

Explain Watson's law of frequency.

The law of frequency states that when 2 things or events are connected, the stronger will be that association.




Explain Watson's law of recency.

Watson’s law of recency states that responds occur immediately after the stimulus.





Explain the basic assumptions of behaviorism according to Watson.

John Watson says everything basically depends on the environment.

Ivan Pavlov

What was Pavlov actually studying when he developed his theory of classical conditioning?
Pavlov was studying the digestive system when he developed his theory of classical conditioning.




Explain (in detail) how Pavlov's experiment was conducted.
Pavlov would measure the saliva the dog put out when seeing the food and hearing the bell.




Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Pavlov's experiment.
Pavlov concentrated on investigating how conditioning responses are acquired. He used food on his new experiment as the unconditioned stimulus. He elect the sound of a metronome to be the neutral stimulus. The dogs listen the sound of the metronome, and then the food was rapidly in front of them. The food was the unconditioned stimulus , then the metronome which was chosen to be the neutral stimulus had become as the dog associates the metronome with food, to be the conditioned stimulus that provoked the conditioned response which was the salivation of the dog.



Explain what extinction means in relation to classical conditioning.
Extinction occurs when the classical conditioning or response decreases until it disappears.



Explain what stimulus generalization means in relation to classical conditioning. Stimulus generalization is when a reaction to a specific stimulus is connected to other stimuli and occurs to the other stimulus.




Explain what stimulus discrimination means in relation to classical conditioning.
Stimulus discrimination is about the learning response to one stimulus and not the other one.




Explain at least two limitations of this experiment.

• Dogs can salivate when doing any types of efforts

• These are dogs not humans, this could be different on human

Explain what Pavlov theorized about how we learn.
He makes me to understand with his experiment that we learn threw classical conditioning. Also that we will give a response when we relate to things together.

Starting High School One Hour Later May Reduce Teen Traffic Accidents

Science Daily (Dec. 17, 2008) — A new study shows that after a one-hour delay of school start times, teens increased their average nightly hours of sleep and decreased their "catch-up sleep" on the weekends, and they were involved in fewer auto accidents.

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- Name of people/institution responsible for conducting the study

Barbara Phillips, MD, director of the UK Healthcare Good Samaritan Sleep Center in Lexington, KY.

- Thoroughly explain the method of the study

The method consisted of two surveys, one administer in 1998 and the other one, one year later in 1999. 72.8 percent filled out the questionnaire before and after changing school start times with the difference of one hour later. The second part of the experiment was computing separated crash rates before and after school start times were changed concerning teen drivers.

- Describe the findings or results

Students sleeping at least 8 hours increased significantly from 35.7 percent to 50 percent.

Students who got at least nine hours of sleep also increased from 6.3 percent to 10.8 percent.

The average amount of "catch-up sleep," decreased from 1.9 hours to 1.1 hours.

Daytime sleepiness decreased, as reported by students using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.

Average crash rates for teen drivers in the study dropped 16.5 percent compared to the two years prior to the change, while teen crash rates for the rest of the state increased 7.8 percent over the same time period.

- State your opinion on what you think of the article

I think that sleeping one more hour and decreasing the rate of accidents by 16.5 percent is good outcome of starting school one hour later, considering that for the rest of the county the rate of accidents increase by 7.8 percent. I would like it if we could start school one hour later.